The American Chemical Society has a series of documentaries on the publication process titled ACS Publishing Your Research 101. These videos cover a variety of topics that you usually learn about by doing. They are an ideal introduction to the process.
Cover Letter
The cover letter is your chance to argue for your paper in a way that doesn't appear in the paper. It is your chance to say why the work is significant and why it should be published. Write a good cover letter. (6:50)
Selecting Potential Reviewers
As the author, you are asked to select potential referees for your paper. You can also exclude potential reviewers. (5:58)
Ethical Considerations for Authors and Reviewers
All parties in the process have responsibilities they must complete. This is a discussion of those concerns. (9:09)
The Process
Peer review is a lengthy process with many exchanges of the manuscript and responsibility. This is an introduction to that process. (7:35)
Dealing with Rejection
What if your paper is not accepted, what do you do? Or what do you not do?
(4:13)
After Acceptance
What happens to a manuscript following acceptance by the journal? Well, there is a variety of back and forth work between the technical editors and the authors as described in this video. (9:04)
And these are some of the common errors the editors see in manuscripts (and advice on how to avoid making them in your papers). (6:30)